RURAL LIFE AND SOCIETY

                                                                              CLASS 8

CH-3


Introduction

  • Before the British established themselves as the colonial rulers in India,  self sufficient. 

  • They were governed by a village panchayat that would look after the administration And resolve disputes. 

  •  The villages would pay the land revenue to the king that was collected by an official who was an integral part of the village administration.

  • During the Mughal period the land was assessed and Taxes were implemented accordingly.


Revenue system under the British

  • After establishing the rule the main aim of the British was to ensure our study source of income.

  •  in order to realise this aim the British introduced Three Types of land revenue system in different parts of our country- Permanent settlement or zamindari system, Ryotwari System And mahalwari system.


Permanent settlement

  • The permanent settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal.

  •   zamindars were responsible to Collect tax on the behalf of the British.

  •  they had to pay 89% of the revenue collected to the British by  keeping the remaining 11%.

  •  land revenue was fixed for a period of 10 years.



Ryotwari system

  • The ryotwari system was introduced in the Madras Presidency by Sir Thomas Munro between 1820 and 1827.

  •  under the ryotwari system the peasants were the owner of the land and the British government directly  collected the taxes from them.

  • This system was established to remove the middle men that is the  Zamindar. 

  • It was believed that removal of the Zamindar would ensure a higher revenue collection while protecting the  ryot or peasants  from undue exploitation.



Mahalwari system

  • The mahalwari system was a modified version of the zamindari system.

  •  It was introduced by Holt Mackenzie in 1822 in North West India Punjab and other parts of Central India.

  •  under the mahalwari system a group of villagers were collectively known as a Mahal or estate.

  •  the land in the villages was selectively owned by the village community who was jointly responsible for the payment of land revenue the rate of land revenue changed over a period.  


Peasants Rebellion

  • The land revenue system introduced by the British had  ruined the prosperity of Indian villages.

  • This discontentment Eventually led to a number of rebellions against the British system of land revenue.

  •  The Indigo rebellion was one such example of peasant rebellion.

-Indigo was a tropical plant that was widely cultivated for the dark blue dye it produced.

-  in India Indigo was cultivated through two methods-  Nij  and ryoti. Under nij  Indigo was cultivated in plantations that were owned by rich European planters with the help of labourers.  under the ryoti  the peasants were forced to sign an agreement or contract.  those who signed the contract what cash advances from the planters at low rates of interest to produce Indigo.  But the loan terms insisted that the ryot  cultivated Indigo on at least 25% of the area under their holding.

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