Social. Science 📝Notes

CLASS 8                                                                              CH-4  Today we all lead a very comfortable life in the cities with all the facilities available to us but do you know there are some people who still live in forests, known as tribal people. Well in this chapter we will study about some of the tribes of our country and their struggle against the ‘dikus’ which means those who were outsiders for these tribals. Birsa Munda In 1895, a man named Birsa who belonged to Munda tribe started gaining popularity. Many people believed that he had magical powers with which he could cure diseases and multiply grains. He himself declared that god had appointed him to help people and safeguard their interests from dikus. Birsa was born in Munda tribe which is found in Chottanagpur region of Jharkhand but was also famous among other tribes such as santhals and oraons. Why birsa declared that he would help tribals and safeguard them from dikus. Who were these dikus? Well

                                                                              C LASS 8 CH-3 Introduction Before the British established themselves as the colonial rulers in India,  self sufficient.  They were governed by a village panchayat that would look after the administration And resolve disputes.   The villages would pay the land revenue to the king that was collected by an official who was an integral part of the village administration. During the Mughal period the land was assessed and Taxes were implemented accordingly. Revenue system under the British After establishing the rule the main aim of the British was to ensure our study source of income.  in order to realise this aim the British introduced Three Types of land revenue system in different parts of our country- Permanent settlement or zamindari system, Ryotwari System And mahalwari system. Permanent settlement The permanent settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal.   zamindars were responsible to Collect

                                                 ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPANY POWER CHAPTER -2 CLASS 8 Mercantilism and trade war  The concept of Mercantilism developed in Europe during the 16th century.  the philosophy of introducing imports,  while simultaneously increasing exports.  The British East India company which entered India as a Trading Company former got full support from the government which not only supported but encouraged  its activities. The practice of setting up trading post lead to a mad scramble to colonize countries and establish control and   supremacy in these regions  The race to colonize created tensions and eventually to war among the European powers, known as the trade war. The Portuguese, British and French for India as a lucrative trading post.  The Portuguese were the first to enter India in 1498, with Vasco da Gama discovery of a new sea route to India. British East India company In 1598 a group of English merchants from the Private Association to trade wit

                                                                               Class 8   Chapter 1 When,  Where, and How  History is defined as the study of past events. In order to understand these events,  historians divide history into three periods-ancient, medieval and modern periods.  This division of history simplifies the analysis of events as each period will be recognised for the common characteristics that may exist in the period. The modern period in India The transition from the mediaeval period to the modern period in India is marked by the decline of the great Mughal empire and the advent of the British. This period also witnessed the decentralization of power as many smaller States emerged and declared their Independence.  The modern period in the world During the modern period, not only India, but also other countries of the world witnessed several important developments which shape the future course of action for the entire world. Renaissance The term Renaissance refe

                                                                     CLASS VI                                                                        CIVICS                                                   Elements of a democracy Democracy is a system of government in which all the citizens of a country can vote to elect their representatives. These representatives form the government and take decisions on behalf of the people. The key elements of a democracy are – participation of the people Decision making Resolution of conflicts on the basis of equality and justice. Participation of the people The participation of the people is the foundation of the democracy. The people choose their representatives to form the government. People vote in the elections to elect their representatives for a period of five years. If a government fails to function in the people interest, they can show their disappointment by not electing them in next election. Secondly, the people act as a continuous exa